Things are looking up: Vertical eye gaze in the environment affects perceptions of emotional valence in sad faces

Abstract

Successful social interactions depend on the ability to quickly evaluate emotional facial expressions. Research has shown that head orientation and eye gaze are informative affective signals. Across four experiments, we explored a novel eye-gaze cue grounded in a consideration of English spatial metaphors, where up connotes positive feelings ("I'm flying high") and down connotes negative feelings ("I'm feeling low"). Participants either rated the valence of or categorised a set of sad and happy faces gazing in different directions along the vertical axis. We expected to find a spatial-valence congruency effect, where valence ratings and reaction times would be moderated by whether or not the face was gazing in a metaphor-consistent direction. The results partially supported this hypothesis: sad faces gazing upwards (as opposed to downwards) were rated as happier or more positive (Experiments 1 and 2) and classified slower (Experiments 3 and 4). This was true whether the looking direction was cued by eye gaze in front-view faces (Experiment 1) or by the orientation of profile faces (Experiments 2-4). In addition, this spatial-valence congruency effect was only reliable in the environmental frame of reference (Experiment 4). We found little evidence for a comparable effect of gaze direction on judgements of happy faces, suggesting that eye gaze along the vertical axis may differentially affect judgements of approach and avoidance-related emotional expressions. This has implications for the inferences scholars draw about underlying cognitive representations from observations of conventional metaphorical language.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Publication Date

7-1-2023

Publication Title

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

Department

Psychology

Document Type

Article

DOI

https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17470218221135429

Keywords

Emotional face processing, Spatial valence congruency effect, Metaphor, Spatial reference frames, Face perception

Language

English

Format

text

Link to Full Text

Share

COinS