Alpha and beta diversity of encrusting foraminifera that recruit to long-term experiments along a carbonate platform-to-slope gradient: Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental implications

Abstract

The spatial and temporal distribution and diversity of sediment-dwelling foraminifera are reasonably well known, but encrusting (hard-substrate dwelling) foraminifera are little studied. Encrusting foraminifera are common in the world's oceans, attached to floating debris or marine animals in the water column to living on rocks, sand grains and organisms in benthic environments from shallow to deep marine regions. With projected ocean acidification and warming conditions, these important calcifying protists that comprise beaches, buffer sediments, and contribute to complex food webs are potentially in peril. Results indicate that calcifying foraminifera were the first to colonize experimental molluscan substrates within the first year in shallow habitats, with colonization offshore in subsequent years. Agglutinated foraminifera become more common after one year. Species richness (alpha diversity) remained relatively similar throughout the study, but species turnover (beta diversity) was greatest within the first year and between the shelf/slope break and deeper water, following the thermocline and photic zone regions. The equivalent of the Shannon Entropy Index provided important information on beta diversity and community structure. Paleobathymetric distributions can be resolved after six years into four distinct foraminiferal distributional zones: shallow shelf (15 m), outer shelf (33 m), shelf/slope break (73-88 m), and slope depths (>213 m to 267 m). Some encrusting foraminifera are invasive, settling in high numbers within the first year, and increasing their abundance through the duration of the experiment. A foraminiferan, Discorbis bentheloti, was discovered to bioerode carbonate, and is a potentially excellent paleobathymetric indicator for 15-33 m depths. Results differ from previously reported pioneer and climax foraminiferal communities documented for Caribbean coral reefs, because long-term experiments reveal the spatial and temporal development and distribution of carbonate-producing encrusting foraminifera in these climatically-sensitive regions. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Publisher

Elsevier

Publication Date

12-15-2011

Publication Title

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Department

Geology

Document Type

Article

DOI

https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.04.028

Notes

Special Issue: The Shelf and Slope Experimental Taphonomy Initiative (SSETI): Thirteen years of taphonomic observations on carbonate and wood in the Bahamas and Gulf of Mexico.

Keywords

Beta diversity, Dispersal, Invasibility, Ecological incumbent, Encrusting foraminifera, Opportunistic, Carbonates

Language

English

Format

text

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